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Ernst Ottwalt (13 November 1901 – 24 August 1943) was the pen name of German writer and playwright Ernst Gottwalt Nicolas. A communist, he fled Nazi Germany in 1934 and went into exile in the Soviet Union, where he fell victim to the Great Purge and died in a Soviet gulag. Later, when the Allies of World War II prosecuted Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg Trials, the chief prosecutor from the Soviet Union quoted from an anti-Nazi book by Ottwalt. == Biographical details == Ottwalt was born Ernst Gottwalt Nicolas in Zippnow, today Sypniewo, in the district of Deutsch Krone in the former West Prussia. He was baptized Lutheran in Zippnow on 16 March 1902.〔("Konvolut von frühen Urkunden und Dokumenten" ) German National Library, exile archive. Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 He attended secondary school in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, finishing 15 September 1920.〔 He studied at the universities of Halle and Jena. After the First World War, he joined the German nationalist Freikorps, but then changed his political views, becoming a communist and joined the Communist Party (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, or KPD) and the Association of Proletarian-Revolutionary Authors (BPRS).〔("Ottwalt - eine Karriere" ) ''Die Zeit'' (October 7, 1977), p. 1. Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 He described his Freikorps experiences in his 1929 novel ''Ruhe und Ordnung''.〔 In November 1930, Friedrich Neubauer staged his play ''Jeden Tag vier'', about a mine disaster in Neurode in Silesia, at the Piscator Bühne. In 1931, he wrote the courtroom novel ''Denn sie wissen was sie tun'', in which Ottwalt portrayed the social structure of the German judiciary. Kurt Tucholsky wrote, "The career of an average German lawyer is portrayed through the means of an early naturalistic novel." The script has since been lost. He collaborated with Bertolt Brecht to write the screenplay for the 1932 film ''Kuhle Wampe''.〔("Ottwalt - eine Karriere" ) ''Die Zeit'' (October 7, 1977), p. 2. Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 A year later, in 1932, his ''Deutschland erwache! Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus'' appeared, an early study of the danger of the Nazi movement. When the May 1933 Nazi book burnings took place, Ottwalt's works were on Wolfgang Herrmann's blacklist.〔("„Schwarze Liste“ von Dr. Wolfgang Herrmann, 16. Mai 1933" ) City of Berlin. Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 In addition, his name was marked with an "x", identifying him as one of the "real vermin", along with Lion Feuchtwanger, Ernst Gläser, Arthur Holitscher, Alfred Kerr, Egon Erwin Kisch, Emil Ludwig, Heinrich Mann, Theodor Plivier, E.M. Remarque, Kurt Tucholsky and Arnold Zweig, who were to be "stamped out of bookstores".〔(''Lest, was die Nazis vor 70 Jahren verbrannten! – Titel-Verzeichnis lieferbarer Bücher „verbrannter Dichter”'' ) (PDF) Brochure from a joint program by Stiftung Lesen, Verband Deutscher Schriftsteller, PEN, Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, StadtschülerInnenrat, Club Voltaire, Buchhandlung „Land in Sicht“, VVN-BdA. Sponsored by the City of Frankfurt – Dezernat für Kultur und Freizeit – and the Frankfurt Book Fair. (May 10, 2003), p. 15. Retrieved January 29, 2012 〕〔("Zum 70. Jahrestag - 10. Mai 1933 - der Bücherverbrennung in Bonn" ) Stadtmuseum Bonn. Retrieved January 29, 2012 〕 Ottwalt wrote a radio play called "Kalifornische Ballade" with Hanns Eisler in 1932. The original broadcast was in 1934 on Flemish radio, with Ernst Busch singing Eisler's songs. The first German broadcast of the play was on East German radio in 1968. It was performed again at East Berlin's Maxim Gorky Theater in May 1970.〔("Programm zur Aufführung von ''Kalifornische Ballade''" ) German National Library, exile archive (1970). Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 An early radio play, it tells the story of Johann August Sutter, a Swiss who emigrated to America in the 19th century. In 1933, Ottwalt and his wife, Waltraut, left Germany and went into exile in Denmark,〔〔Marianne Kröger, ("Nicolas, Waltraut (Pseudonym Irene Cordes)" ) Deutsche Biographie (1998). Retrieved December 20, 2011 〕 then, by way of Czechoslovakia, ended up in the Soviet Union. Living in Moscow, Ottwalt wrote for the German exile magazine ''Internationale Literatur'' (published by Johannes R. Becher) and was an editor at Vegaar Bibliothek.〔 He also wrote for the ''Deutsche Zentral Zeitung''.〔Petra Stuber, (''Spielräume und Grenzen'' ) Christoph Links Verlag (November 1998), pp. 84–85. Retrieved December 15, 2011 〕 In 1936, he and his wife were ensnared in the Stalinist purges and arrested by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD.〔 He was charged with suspicion of espionage, sentenced to forced labor and deported to a gulag near Archangelsk. His wife was sentenced to forced labor in Kotlas.〔("Nachlass Ernst Ottwalt und Waltraut Nicolas" ) German National Library. Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 She was deported back to Germany in January 1941〔 and didn't learn about his death until January 1958, when the Soviet Red Cross informed her that her husband had died on 24 August 1943.〔("Nachricht des sowjetischen Roten Kreuzes über den Tod von Ernst Ottwalt am 24.08.1943" ) German National Library (January 18, 1958). Retrieved December 19, 2011 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ernst Ottwalt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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